Extra Credit Report (2)

A Transit of Venus:


Previously, this month, on June 5th and 6th, a distinct scientific achievement occurred; the transit of Venus. Transits are also know as "mini eclipses", where the planet passes in front of the parent star. The dips in the stars light detects the revolving planets. The transit of Venus was significant because it allowed scientists to measure the beginning and end of a transit from different places, and the size of the solar system. This work was so important for the scientific world that in 1769, France told it's forces not to obstruct expeditions mounted by their british rivals. The next transit of Venus will be in 2117, and the last transit of Venus was in 2004.


The transit of venus is an astronomical event that allowed the science world to calculate the planets, and the size of the solar system. It was a gateway to more scientific discoveries and achievements, and it is actually really visually interesting.

Homework #11

C.5 Problems #1-3

1.

a. Nothing would happen to the solution if the beaker remained undisturbed and no more KCl was added. If one crystal of KCl was added the extra solutes would become precipitate, and the solution would rebalance itself.

b. See drawing

2. See drawing

3.

a and b: See drawings.

c. In 3a, the concentration of the solution expressed as a percent KCl by mass is 10%. Since the amount of water is double in 3b, 10g/200g X 100% = 5%. The percent concentration of 3a is 10%, where as the percent concentration of 3b is 5%.

Homework #10

C.2 Questions #1-3

1)

a. 105g of potassium nitrate will dissolve in 100g water at 60°C.

b. 45g of potassium chloride will dissolve in 100g water at 60°C.

2)

a. 20g of potassium nitrate must be added to form a saturated solution at 30°C.

b. 45g is the smallest amount of mass of 30°C water needed to dissolve 25g potassium nitrate.

3)

a. If the solution is disturbed, 55g potassium nitrate will precipitate.

b. 110.2°C water would have to be added to the original 100g water to just dissolve all of the KNO3.

Blog Question:

When solving math word problems, I usually underline important key words and from there decipher the math portion of the problem. Solubility questions are difficult because of all the complicated wording, so identifying key points allows me to accurately solve the problem.

ISBS #25-34

1. The different temperatures that will dissolve in a certain quantity of water for hot tea is higher than the solubility of iced tea. The sugar will completely dissolve in hot tea.


2. The maximum mass of KCl that will dissolve in 100g water at 70°C is 48g.

3. 

a. 200 grams

b. 710 grams

c. 1,892 grams

4. 

a. NaCl, KCl, KNO3.

b. KNO3, KCl, NaCl.

5. A saturated solution, is a solution in which the solvent contains as much dissolved solute as it normally can at that temperature. An unsaturated solution is a solution that contains less dissolved solute than the amount the solvent can normally hold at that temperature.

6.  

a. 30g KNO3 can dissolve into 100g water if the water temperature is 20°C.

b. This solution is supersaturated.

c. 60g of solid KNO3 should form.

7.

a. The solution would either become saturated or remain unsaturated.

b. The one crystal would cause the other extra solute crystals to appear and settle, making it rebalanced.

c. The extra crystal would settle to the bottom of the container as a precipitate, since the solvent would have contained as many solutes as it could hold.

 

Homework #9

25. A qualitative test is a test in order to find the presence or absence of a particular substance in a sample and a qualitative test is a test given to determine how much of a specific substance is present in a sample.

26. A confirming test is a positive or negative test that confirms the presence or absence of the ion in question.

27.

a. The reference solution is a solution where the ion being tested for is present which makes it an example of what a precipitate looks like.

b. The distilled water has an absence of ions, so the water continues to remain clear, and particle free.

28. The student should say that the lack of iron’s presence results in a transparent appearance, or a lack of color change.

29.

a. I After stirring the sample, and checking thorugh the Tyndall effect shows the presence of particles settled at the bottom of the mixture.

b. These large solid particles would make the mixture an example of suspension.

30 The medicine would not work to its potential. If one failed to mix the large, settled particles, one could not get the full strength of the medicine.

31. Its much easier for international scientists to communicate through technology if they all share the same element language.

33. No. Even with the expensive process of distillation, it is impossible to have 100% "chemical free" water. The atmospheric gases, nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide all exist in water to some degree; they always dissolve into water.

What did you learn from this lab about water and about process?

I learned that there are so many impurities in water, that I was unaware of. There are many different types of ions in water sources, unless it is distilled water. Through the tedious process of water testing, you can view the presence of different ions. 

Homework #8

ISBS #19-24 pg. 51


19.

  a. carbon: 6 protons, 6 electrons

  b. aluminum: 13 protons, 13 electrons

  c. lead: 82 protons, 82 electrons

  d. chlorine: 17 protons, 17 electrons

20.

sulfur: is not a neutral element.

iron: in not a neutral element.

silver: is a neutral element.

iodine: is not a neutral element.

21.

a. O^2-: anion

b. Li: electrically neutral atom

c. Cl: electrically neutral atom

d. Ag+: cation

e. Hg^2+: cation

22.

a. O^2-: is gaining electrons

b. Li isn’t losing or gaining any electrons, so it is neither

c. Cl: isn’t losing or gaining any electrons, so it is neither

d. Ag+: is losing an electron

e. Hg^2+: is losing an electron

23.

a. H

b. Na+

c. Cl-

d. Al^3+

24.

a. Kl

b. CaS

c. (Fe)(Br)3

d. (Ba)(0H)2

e. (NH4)3(PO4)

F. (Al)2(0)3

Homework #7

ISBS, p. 50-52

13. See model

14. A. models ii, IV, VI, and I.

      b. Models iii and v.

15. A chemical formula each has each element with a subscript to identify how many atoms are in one part of the element and or substance.

16.

a. 3 Hydrogen atoms, 1 Phosphorus atoms, and 4 Oxygen atoms.

b. 1 Sodium atom, 1 Oxygen atom, and 1 Hydrogen atom.

c. 1 Sulfur atom and 2 Oxygen atoms.  

17. See drawings.

18. A. NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2

     b. C6H12O6 + O6 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

A.7 #1-7:

1.  Total Water Volume: 1481 liters.

2. 164.6 liters of water in a day.

Numbers 3-7 can be answered once a histogram is created. 

3. 

          100-300                     300-500                500-800

4. The range is about 594.5

5. The mean of all of the data is 530 liters and the median is 489.56.

6. The difference between our mean and the national value is 160 because of the larger households, the landscaping, and the washing of cars.  

7. Only one person was close to the national average.

Homework #6

1 & 3 (hard copy)


2. This model represents a mixture of two two-atom compounds, and the other compound having three atoms of one element. This compound is an example of suspension because it is a heterogenous mixture. 

6.22.12 - Extra Credit Report (1)

Extra Credit Report: A Fishy Tale

            The oldest engraving of a flying fish, a now exstinct species, was created in 1686. It comes from John Ray and Francis Willoughby’s book, “Historia Piscuim”. The publishing company, the Royal Society, almost went bankrupt, because of the high quality illustrations. Unfortunately, following this publication, the company had no money left over for a following publication, “Principa Mathematica,” by Isaac Newton. “Principa Mathematica turned out to be one of the most important volumes in the history of physics, including information about the laws of motion and gravity. However, a year later, Edmund Halley, a wealthy soap maker’s son, finally published the issue, covering the cost with his own wealth.

            This article was important because it allowed the scientific world to view an outdated species in such detail. Although it was economically challenging to the Royal Society, and put a hold onto Isaac Newton’s pivotal discoveries, it opened up new windows to scientific information, and allows us to further study the history of the flying fish.

Homework #5

1. A physical property is a property that can be observed and measured without changing the chemical makeup of the substance.

2.

Boiling point: 100°C or 212°F.

Freezing point: 0°C or 32°F.

Density: 1g/mL or 1g/centimeters cubed

3. Because of the fact that ice has the ability to float on the surface of liquid water, it becomes less dense.

4. If you were in the artic, you could find a polar bear floating on an iceberg (solid) afloat on water (liquid) and certain levels of gas would be present in the air. (gas)

5. A heterogeneous mixture is one that is not uniform throughout. A homogenous mixture is one that is uniform throughout.

6. You need to figure out, first, which is the most dense. And from this information, you know what the oil will be on top because it is less dense and automatically floats to the top.

7.

a. A suspension

b. A suspension

c. A colloid

d. A solution

e. A suspension

f. A colloid

8. Because of the Tyndall effect, the scattering of light, making the air a colloid, because of the scattering of the light particles across the blinds.

9. On separate paper.

10. This mixture is a colloid because of the rules applying to the Tyndall effect. The small particles refract off of the beam of light. Though, this mixture cannot be a solution, nor a suspension because the particles over time settle to the bottom of the mixture.

11. A substance is an element or compound with a uniform and definite composition, as well as distinct properties. Two examples of a substance are H20 and NaCl.

12.

a. Compound

b. Element

c. Compound

d. Element

e. Compound

f. Compound

g. Compound

Unit 1B Vocabulary List:

Matter: anything that occupies space and has mass.

Physical properties: properties that can be observed and measured without changing the chemical makeup of the substance.

Density: the mass of material within a given volume. Water: 1g/mL, 1g/cm^3.

Freezing/melting point (of water): 0°C or 32°F.

Boiling point (of water): 100°C or 212°F.

Aqueous solution: water-based solution.

Surface tension: shows the strong intermolecular force that holds water molecules together.

Mixture: when two or more substances combine and the substances retain their individual properties. The components of a mixture can be separated by physical means, such as filtration and adsorption.

Heterogeneous mixture: composition is not the same, or uniform, throughout. (Not evenly distributed).

Suspension: solid particles are large enough to settle out or can be separated by using filtration.

Tyndall Effect: the scattering of light that indicates that small, solid particles are still in the water.

Collid: the small, solid particles that remain still in the water. Make liquid cloudy.

Homogeneous mixture: a mixture that is uniform throughout. (Evenly distributed).

Solutions: homogeneous mixtures. (Such as salt solution)

Solute: salt in a salt solution.

Solvent: water in a salt solution; dissolving agent.

Particulate level: the level of atoms and molecules.

Atoms: building blocks of matter. All matter is made of atoms.

Element: matter that is made up of only one kind of atom.

Compound: a substance that is composed of the atoms of two or more elements linked together chemically in certain fixed proportions.

Chemical formulas: represent compounds.

Substance: all elements and compounds. Has a uniform and definite composition, as well as distinct properties.

Molecule: the smallest unit of a molecular compound that retains the properties of that substance (smallest representation of the substance) ex: H2O molecule represents water.

Chemical bonds: hold atoms of molecules together.

Molecular compound: such as H2O

Homework #4

 ISAS #3: 

3.

a. Manufacture of the filter paper would be classified as indirect water use. The materials needed to make the filter paper, and transference of the filter paper all involve the use of water. The manufacturing of the filter would be categorized as indirect water use.

b. Premoistening have the sand and gravel would be classified as direct water use. Since we physically moisten the sand and gravel measure the amounts of water that must be added to the gravel/sand mixture

c. Use of water to cool the distillation apparatus is classified as direct water use. Because water is used to actually reduce the temperature of the distillation apparatus, it is categorized as indirect water use.

4. To "purify" water is a process used to filter out bacteria, dirt, and other impurities. Purified water is classified as a filtrate. The process of filtration is complete once the water has been through the process of distillation.

5. Three techniques for purifying water are filtration, oil-water separation, and charcoal adsorption.

6. In the first step of the investigation, oil-water separation, oil was removed from the murky, dirty, top of the foul water sample. Then, during the process of sand filtration, solids were removed, creating a more yellow than brownish color. From there, in charcoal adsorption and filtration, the color became much less translucent and the odor seemed to essentially disappear.

7.

a. Although the foul water experiment removed all impurities, when testing electrical conductivity, salt still remained in the purified sample.

b. To create drinkable seawater, one would need to differentiate the salt content from the water during the procedure of distillation. If you further purify the seawater, it would be suitable for consumption.

A.8 Page 22:

1. Running the sprinklers, washing the car, running the dishwasher.

2. Showering

3. By turning off the water while scrubbing the dishes and while you brush your teeth, it would immensely reduce the amount of water used around the house.

4.

a) You can use impure water when washing the car

b) One could then take that water and wash a mirror.