Homework #8

ISBS #19-24 pg. 51


19.

  a. carbon: 6 protons, 6 electrons

  b. aluminum: 13 protons, 13 electrons

  c. lead: 82 protons, 82 electrons

  d. chlorine: 17 protons, 17 electrons

20.

sulfur: is not a neutral element.

iron: in not a neutral element.

silver: is a neutral element.

iodine: is not a neutral element.

21.

a. O^2-: anion

b. Li: electrically neutral atom

c. Cl: electrically neutral atom

d. Ag+: cation

e. Hg^2+: cation

22.

a. O^2-: is gaining electrons

b. Li isn’t losing or gaining any electrons, so it is neither

c. Cl: isn’t losing or gaining any electrons, so it is neither

d. Ag+: is losing an electron

e. Hg^2+: is losing an electron

23.

a. H

b. Na+

c. Cl-

d. Al^3+

24.

a. Kl

b. CaS

c. (Fe)(Br)3

d. (Ba)(0H)2

e. (NH4)3(PO4)

F. (Al)2(0)3

Homework #7

ISBS, p. 50-52

13. See model

14. A. models ii, IV, VI, and I.

      b. Models iii and v.

15. A chemical formula each has each element with a subscript to identify how many atoms are in one part of the element and or substance.

16.

a. 3 Hydrogen atoms, 1 Phosphorus atoms, and 4 Oxygen atoms.

b. 1 Sodium atom, 1 Oxygen atom, and 1 Hydrogen atom.

c. 1 Sulfur atom and 2 Oxygen atoms.  

17. See drawings.

18. A. NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2

     b. C6H12O6 + O6 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

A.7 #1-7:

1.  Total Water Volume: 1481 liters.

2. 164.6 liters of water in a day.

Numbers 3-7 can be answered once a histogram is created. 

3. 

          100-300                     300-500                500-800

4. The range is about 594.5

5. The mean of all of the data is 530 liters and the median is 489.56.

6. The difference between our mean and the national value is 160 because of the larger households, the landscaping, and the washing of cars.  

7. Only one person was close to the national average.

Homework #6

1 & 3 (hard copy)


2. This model represents a mixture of two two-atom compounds, and the other compound having three atoms of one element. This compound is an example of suspension because it is a heterogenous mixture. 

6.22.12 - Extra Credit Report (1)

Extra Credit Report: A Fishy Tale

            The oldest engraving of a flying fish, a now exstinct species, was created in 1686. It comes from John Ray and Francis Willoughby’s book, “Historia Piscuim”. The publishing company, the Royal Society, almost went bankrupt, because of the high quality illustrations. Unfortunately, following this publication, the company had no money left over for a following publication, “Principa Mathematica,” by Isaac Newton. “Principa Mathematica turned out to be one of the most important volumes in the history of physics, including information about the laws of motion and gravity. However, a year later, Edmund Halley, a wealthy soap maker’s son, finally published the issue, covering the cost with his own wealth.

            This article was important because it allowed the scientific world to view an outdated species in such detail. Although it was economically challenging to the Royal Society, and put a hold onto Isaac Newton’s pivotal discoveries, it opened up new windows to scientific information, and allows us to further study the history of the flying fish.

Homework #5

1. A physical property is a property that can be observed and measured without changing the chemical makeup of the substance.

2.

Boiling point: 100°C or 212°F.

Freezing point: 0°C or 32°F.

Density: 1g/mL or 1g/centimeters cubed

3. Because of the fact that ice has the ability to float on the surface of liquid water, it becomes less dense.

4. If you were in the artic, you could find a polar bear floating on an iceberg (solid) afloat on water (liquid) and certain levels of gas would be present in the air. (gas)

5. A heterogeneous mixture is one that is not uniform throughout. A homogenous mixture is one that is uniform throughout.

6. You need to figure out, first, which is the most dense. And from this information, you know what the oil will be on top because it is less dense and automatically floats to the top.

7.

a. A suspension

b. A suspension

c. A colloid

d. A solution

e. A suspension

f. A colloid

8. Because of the Tyndall effect, the scattering of light, making the air a colloid, because of the scattering of the light particles across the blinds.

9. On separate paper.

10. This mixture is a colloid because of the rules applying to the Tyndall effect. The small particles refract off of the beam of light. Though, this mixture cannot be a solution, nor a suspension because the particles over time settle to the bottom of the mixture.

11. A substance is an element or compound with a uniform and definite composition, as well as distinct properties. Two examples of a substance are H20 and NaCl.

12.

a. Compound

b. Element

c. Compound

d. Element

e. Compound

f. Compound

g. Compound

Unit 1B Vocabulary List:

Matter: anything that occupies space and has mass.

Physical properties: properties that can be observed and measured without changing the chemical makeup of the substance.

Density: the mass of material within a given volume. Water: 1g/mL, 1g/cm^3.

Freezing/melting point (of water): 0°C or 32°F.

Boiling point (of water): 100°C or 212°F.

Aqueous solution: water-based solution.

Surface tension: shows the strong intermolecular force that holds water molecules together.

Mixture: when two or more substances combine and the substances retain their individual properties. The components of a mixture can be separated by physical means, such as filtration and adsorption.

Heterogeneous mixture: composition is not the same, or uniform, throughout. (Not evenly distributed).

Suspension: solid particles are large enough to settle out or can be separated by using filtration.

Tyndall Effect: the scattering of light that indicates that small, solid particles are still in the water.

Collid: the small, solid particles that remain still in the water. Make liquid cloudy.

Homogeneous mixture: a mixture that is uniform throughout. (Evenly distributed).

Solutions: homogeneous mixtures. (Such as salt solution)

Solute: salt in a salt solution.

Solvent: water in a salt solution; dissolving agent.

Particulate level: the level of atoms and molecules.

Atoms: building blocks of matter. All matter is made of atoms.

Element: matter that is made up of only one kind of atom.

Compound: a substance that is composed of the atoms of two or more elements linked together chemically in certain fixed proportions.

Chemical formulas: represent compounds.

Substance: all elements and compounds. Has a uniform and definite composition, as well as distinct properties.

Molecule: the smallest unit of a molecular compound that retains the properties of that substance (smallest representation of the substance) ex: H2O molecule represents water.

Chemical bonds: hold atoms of molecules together.

Molecular compound: such as H2O

Homework #4

 ISAS #3: 

3.

a. Manufacture of the filter paper would be classified as indirect water use. The materials needed to make the filter paper, and transference of the filter paper all involve the use of water. The manufacturing of the filter would be categorized as indirect water use.

b. Premoistening have the sand and gravel would be classified as direct water use. Since we physically moisten the sand and gravel measure the amounts of water that must be added to the gravel/sand mixture

c. Use of water to cool the distillation apparatus is classified as direct water use. Because water is used to actually reduce the temperature of the distillation apparatus, it is categorized as indirect water use.

4. To "purify" water is a process used to filter out bacteria, dirt, and other impurities. Purified water is classified as a filtrate. The process of filtration is complete once the water has been through the process of distillation.

5. Three techniques for purifying water are filtration, oil-water separation, and charcoal adsorption.

6. In the first step of the investigation, oil-water separation, oil was removed from the murky, dirty, top of the foul water sample. Then, during the process of sand filtration, solids were removed, creating a more yellow than brownish color. From there, in charcoal adsorption and filtration, the color became much less translucent and the odor seemed to essentially disappear.

7.

a. Although the foul water experiment removed all impurities, when testing electrical conductivity, salt still remained in the purified sample.

b. To create drinkable seawater, one would need to differentiate the salt content from the water during the procedure of distillation. If you further purify the seawater, it would be suitable for consumption.

A.8 Page 22:

1. Running the sprinklers, washing the car, running the dishwasher.

2. Showering

3. By turning off the water while scrubbing the dishes and while you brush your teeth, it would immensely reduce the amount of water used around the house.

4.

a) You can use impure water when washing the car

b) One could then take that water and wash a mirror.