Homework #23

#31-38 pg. 235

31. a. propane
      b. pentane
32. It means that carbon has four bonds
33. Yes. Although they are different in appearance in structure, the chemical makeup of all three isomers are identical.
34. See paper
35. The shortest alkaine would be CH4
36. Both ways are correct because it doesn't matter the physical appearance of the hydrocarbon molecule, as long as the chemical equation is correct.
37. a. See paper
      b. The branched chain would have the lower boiling point because its structure enables it to reach lower temperatures.
38. a. the short straight chain
      b. long branched chain
      c. short branched chain

#1-10 pg. 258

1. Petroleum is sometimes considered "buried sunshine" because the energy released by burning these fossil fuels represents energy originally captured from sunlight by prehistoric green plants during photosynthesis.

2. a. a skateboard at the top of a hill
    b. a skateboard in motion

3. When an energy-releasing chemical reaction takes place bonds break and reactant atoms reorganize to form new bonds.

4. Methane has more potential energy than butane.

5. a. potential
    b. potential
    c. kinetic
    d. potential
    e. kinetic

6. Energy is required to break chemical bonds the endothermic process in bond breaking and how much energy is given off, which is an exothermic reaction in bond making.

7. a. exothermic
    b. endothermic
    c. exothermic

8. Burning a candle is an exothermic reaction because the energy needed to light the candle is greater than the burning of the candle itself.

9. See paper.

10. Energy is neither created nor destroyed in any mechanical, physical, or chemical process.

Homework #22

Unit 4 B3 #1-4

1. Ultraviolet radiation is much more harmful than infrared radiation because it can cause more damage to a living being, because of its high radioactive properties. Infrared is essentially heat, which is not fatal.

2. Photosynthesis, solar panels.

3. The weather tends to vary in those areas due to the climate. The pressure and humidity in some of these areas influence the daily weather conditions.

4.
a. The daytime temperatures would be severely affected because the ultraviolet light would be harmful to humans, because there would be no protection from the atmosphere, and infrared light, causing it too be too hot in the day, and too cold in the evening.

Unit 4 B8 #1-6

1. 100kg.
2. 40 liters.
3. 18,000.
4. Levels have increased by 30% because of cars, and more advanced machinery. Before the 1800's there was almost no use for gas or oil, which is the greatest producer of carbon dioxide pollutants.
5. This is the start of many innovations to conserve fuel, and prevent the overuse of oil, which creates excess amounts of carbon dioxide.
6. These people believe that it is necessary, because without this, it will continue down a path of destruction to our planet, causing over stimulation to greenhouse gases.

Unit 3SAS #1-30 (EXCEPT 2,4,9,14,24,25)

1. A hydrocarbon a molecule composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
3. Petroleum can be converted into many different things, including gasoline, diesel fuel, wax, etc.
5. It means a liquid that varies in color and odor.
6. a. 23843
    b. 23843
7. Gasoline, lamp oil, wax.
8. Wax, Vaseline, lamp oil.
10. a. Middle East (686 10^9)
      b. Western Europe (17 10^9)
11. a. North America
      b. Middle East
12. Density can be used to separate water and oil.
13. Water and salt.
15. On paper
16. Fractional distillation is used to separate more than one substance, while simple distillation can only separate two.
17. Refined oils (light), gas oil (medium), wax (heavy).
18. The highest boiling point will be at the bottom of the distillation chart.
19. Once distilled in each group, the distillation process could be repeated to separate them further.
20. Methane, pentane, hexane, octane.
21. A covalent bond is when atoms are shared.
22. Because there are too many to be shared.
23. This analogy describes how the sharing of electrons because they are constantly attempting to keep hold of the proton.
26. a. A structural formula displays the entire description of the atom, while the molecular formula is less detailed in the process.
     b. A structural formula is inadequate because there is no real understanding of where a real electron is, because of its mass.
27. See paper.
28. This only shows four dots because it can only connect four hydrogen atoms.
29. See paper.
30. See paper.

Homework #21

2BSAS #1-8

1. Photons of electromagnetic radiation have energy ranges characteristic of the type of radiation involved. All waves, including photon waves of electromagnetic radiation involves oscillation (frequency).

2. Because it covers so many different types and forms of light.

3. Visible light (i.e. sunlight) is used in photosynthesis because most of the radiant energy emitted by the sun is spread over a large portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, and the visible radiation energizes electrons in some chemical bonds, which are needed for photosynthesis reactions.

4.

a. Infrared, visible, ultraviolet.

b. Infrared radiation is another form of heat energy, which indicatively heats living things. Visible light affects plant growth, which is why it is the main factor in photosynthesis. Ultraviolet light is directly responsible for physical beings, causing sunburns.

5. Ultraviolet light is affected for this use because it can kill bacteria and destroy viruses. Visible light cannot complete this task because of its inability to break covalent bonds and sterilize materials.

6. Carbon dioxide and water vapor are two of the most common greenhouse gases, and absorb radiation from infrared light and redirect this absorbed light back towards earth. 90% of visible radiation is directed towards Earth’s surface, where the stratosphere absorbs it.

7. The two main effects of the solar radiation that reaches Earth’s surface is more energy, and hotter water effecting the hydrologic cycle.

8.

a. Snow, sand, or concrete, (all asphalts) warms up more quickly when exposed to sunlight. This is because when solar radiation strikes these materials, it is reflected and illuminated back into space. On the other hand, lake water does reflect light, but also stores absorb and stores heat.

b. Water, in forms like water vapor, act as greenhouse gases and absorb infrared light and reradiate it back to earth's surface. Asphalts directly reflect light sources back into space.

4SBS #14-21 

14. CO2 and water vapor are both greenhouse gases, atmospheric gas molecules that effectively absorb infrared radiation, which is not directly coming from the sun. The infrared radiation comes from transformed UV and radiation from the sky. Because this type of energy is essentially heat energy, these gases have trapped light in order to absorb, reradiate, and reflect this heat energy to earth's surface.

15. 

a. Natural: breathing, bacterial decay.

    burning of fossil fuels, agricultural/industrial. 

b. Natural: decomposition of wastes, burning of solid waste.  

    Human: burning of fossil fuels, raising animals/livestock. 

16. 

a. lower altitude, increase in greenhouse/atmospheric gases, higher air pressure.
b. higher altitude, decrease in greenhouse/atmospheric gases, lower air pressure.

17. What goes on in greenhouse with transparent glass imitates the way the greenhouse gases transform UV and visible radiation to IR radiation within clouds, and reradiate and reflect the heat energy within earth, or the greenhouse (since the infrared light cannot escape through the glass, like earth's CO2 and H2O gas that act as a shield). This is why on a sunny winter day, a greenhouse with transparent glass walls is much warmer than is a structure with opaque wooden walls. 

18. See paper. 

19. CO2 gas, calcium carbonate, methane (CH4)

20. The carbon atom could be part of the atmosphere as a gas as a result of photosynthesis, in the lithosphere as plant or animal waste decay, or part of the hydrosphere as limestone.

Extra Credit Report (5)

Good Natured Jokes Ease Pain:


It is said that jokes are proven to lessen the pain. In a study in Switzerland and the U.S. 37 people looked at photographs of sad images (i.e. corpses, car accidents, dangerous animals) and were instructed to either say nothing at all, or a good humored joke. 


In both countries, those who made benevolent jokes about the images had more positive emotions and fewer negative emotions afterward than those who laughed mockingly at the pictures, although both groups who used humor fared better than those who simply looked silently. 


It has been proven that when someone uses whole hearted humor when you're upset, you will feel better. 


http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=good-natured-jokes-ease-pain

Homework #20

18. a. Reusing is the use of the same item multiple times for the same, or different tasks the item is applicable to. Recycling is when an item is reprocessed into a a different item made of parts, or all of the same substances. 
      b. Reusing: water bottles. Recycling: Cans. 

19. a. Soil, water, plants, animals. 

      b. Petroleum, copper, natural gas, coal. 

20. a. reusing. 

      b. recycling.
      c. reusing. 

21. Both glass from a light bulb and paper from a newspaper can be recycled. In fact, since paper that is not recycled leaves a high proportion of combustibles as waste, the newspaper can be sent to a waste-to-energy plant to produce energy that can be used to power the light bulb.

Retrieving Copper Lab

Livia, Sydney, Jimmy Neutron

Retrieving Copper Lab:

Abstract: The purpose of the part one experiment was to extract the Cu from the Copper chloride sample. We preweighed both of the filter paper to 1.02 grams, and waited a day or so to record the weight of the filter paper with the experimented copper samples on it. During the lab, we struggled with correctly measuring the hydrochloric acid, because we poured too much excess. Also, we got set back because we overheated the beaker, which made it more time consuming. The final results of our first copper sample was .66 and for the second, it was .48.

Procedure:

Part I: Separating Copper(II) Oxide (CuO) from the Sample:

The first step in the procedure was to weigh our copper sample. The weight was 1.4 grams. Now that the sample is weighed, we have to distribute 50mL of HCl to the beaker containing the copper oxide mixture. After the mL of HCl was added to our copper chloride mixture, we gently and carefully heated the mixture to 40 degrees Celsius. When we obtained the correct temperature, we maintained that temperature, stirring was required with a glass rod. When we successfully achieved the correct temperature, we removed it from the hot plate. The unreacted copper from there formed a precipitate at the bottom of the beaker. From that point, the copper liquid was filtered into another, empty, 100mL beaker.

Once the first step of the filtration process is done, we washed the solid copper in the first beaker with distilled water. We decanted the liquid in the second beaker, and added it to the liquid we just collected. The mass of the filter paper was 1.02. The filter paper is currently drying overnight.

Part II: Converting Copper (II) Chloride (CuCl2) to Copper (Cu):

The final step in this lab is converting the dissolved copper (ii) chloride into copper metal. Our first step in the second part of the procedure was to cover the top of a beaker with a watch glass. For each gram of copper powder that we started with, we add one gram of zinc. We have noticed that the zinc dissolved into the calcium chloride. From there the zinc turned black, to white, to red. Once the reaction subsided, we added 10mL of HCl to the beaker, and from there we decanted as much of the liquid possible.

The copper from there was carefully washed several times with distilled water. It was added to a piece of filter paper that weighed 0.01 grams, and left it to dry overnight.  

Questions:

1.

a. The evidence that led me to believe the reaction was incomplete was because it took a serious amount of time.

b. By adding more hydrochloric acid.

2.
a. When we first got the copper the weight was 1.4 grams but after we weighted it again it weights .16 grams for the converted one. For the unconverted one we started at 1.4 grams and when we re weighted it, the weight was 1.13 grams.
b. For the converted one the percent was 11.4 percent of the copper that reacted, for the unconverted one  81% of the copper reacted. 

3.

a. Cu2 + Zn2+ à Cu + Zn2-

b.

i. Zn

ii. Cu

iii. distilled water

iiii. HCl

4. The zinc turned black, now the water is turning white, then eventually turning red.

5.

a. Zinc

b. Onto the filter paper.

Homework #19

2CAS #13-17


13. a. 6 moles
      b. 5 moles
      c. 5 moles

14. a. 1 mole

      b. 621 g 
      c. 28 g 
      d. 415 g

15. The percent of the oxygen atoms is 67%, because oxygen's molar mass is 32 and carbon's molar mass is 12 in this molecule. Therefore, the percent oxygen by mass 32g/44g x 100%, or 73%. 

16. 

a. 

molar masses: Ag -216g and S -32g
87% silver by mass
b.
molar masses: Al -54g and O -48g
53% aluminum by mass
c. 
molar masses: Ca-40g; C-12g; O-48g
40% calcium by mass

17. 

a. 68%

b. 10%

c. 6.8%